Go to content

References 

Aschenbrenner, M., & Winder, G. M. (2019). Planning for a sustainable marine future? Marine spatial planning in the German exclusive economic zone of the North Sea. Applied Geography, 110, 102050. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102050  
Berlina, A., Giacometti, A., Hagberg, A., Jungsberg, L., Mikkola, N., Randall, L., Rasmussen, R. O., & Teräs, J. (2016). Green growth in the Nordic Regions - 50 Ways to Make it happen (No. 978-91-87295-40–9). Nordregio.  Available at: https://archive.nordregio.se/Global/Green%20growth%20in%20Nordic%20regions%2050/NordicGreenGrowth-pages.pdf 
Bonnevie, I. M., Hansen, H. S., & Schrøder, L. (2019). Assessing use-use interactions at sea: A theoretical framework for spatial decision support tools facilitating co-location in maritime spatial planning. Marine Policy, 106, 103533. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103533  
Bonnevie, I. M., Hansen, H. S., Schrøder, L., Rönneberg, M., Kettunen, P., Koski, C., & Oksanen, J. (2023). Engaging stakeholders in marine spatial planning for collaborative scoring of conflicts and synergies within a spatial tool environment. Ocean & Coastal Management, 233, 106449. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106449
Custodio, M., Moulaert, I., Asselman, J., van der Biest, K., van de Pol, L., Drouillon, M., Hernandez Lucas, S., Taelman, S. E., & Everaert, G. (2022). Prioritizing ecosystem services for marine management through stakeholder engagement. Ocean & Coastal Management, 225, 106228. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106228
Danish Agriculture and Fisheries Agency (n.d.). Commercial fisheries. Landbrugs- Og Fiskeristyrelsen. Available at: https://lfst.dk/english/commercial-fisheries [Accessed 20 October 2025]
Danish Energy Agency (n.d.-a). Facts about Offshore Wind Power. Available at: https://ens.dk/en/energy-sources/offshore-wind-power/facts-about-offshore-wind-power [Accessed 7 October 2025]
Danish Energy Agency (n.d.-b). Offshore wind farms tendered towards 2030. Available at: https://ens.dk/en/energy-sources/offshore-wind-farms-tendered-towards-2030 [Accessed 7 October 2025]
Danish Energy Agency (n.d.-c). Procedures and Permits for Offshore Wind Parks. Available at: https://ens.dk/en/energy-sources/offshore-procedures-permits. [Accessed 24 October 2025].
Danish Maritime Authority (n.d.). Maritime Spatial Plan: Explanatory Notes. Available at: https://havplan.dk/en/page/info. [Accessed 24 October 2025]
​Durning, B., & Broderick, M. (2018). Development of cumulative impact assessment guidelines for offshore wind farms and evaluation of use in project making. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 37(2), 124–138. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14615517.2018.1498186  
European Commission, ECORYS, European MSP Platform, Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, S.Pro, Thetis, University of Liverpool, Ooms, E., Onwona Ansong, J., Lukic, I., Schultz-Zehden, A., Gee, K., & Passerello, C. (2019). Addressing conflicting spatial demands in MSP – Considerations for MSP planners – Final technical study. Publications Office of the European Union Available at: https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2826/151447 
European Commission (2019). The European Green Deal. COM(2019) 640 final. Available at: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en [Accessed 27 January 2025]
European Commission (2020a). Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 - Bringing nature back into our lives. COM(2020) 380 final. Brussels, 20.5.2020. Available at: EUR-Lex - 52020DC0380 - EN - EUR-Lex
​European Commission (2020b). Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. An EU Strategy to harness the potential of offshore renewable energy for a climate neutral future. COM(2020) 741 final. Brussels, 19.11.2020. Available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0741 
​European Commission (2023). Renewable Energy Directive (EU/2023/2413). Available at: https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules/renewable-energy-directive_en [Accessed 28 January 2025]
​Flannery, W., Ellis, G., Ellis, G., Flannery, W., Nursey-Bray, M., van Tatenhove, J. P. M., Kelly, C., Coffen-Smout, S., Fairgrieve, R., Knol, M., Jentoft, S., Bacon, D., & O’Hagan, A. M. (2016). Exploring the winners and losers of marine environmental governance. Planning Theory & Practice, 17(1), 121–151. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2015.1131482 
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment of Finland (2024, December 19). Act on Offshore Wind Power in the Exclusive Economic Zone enters into force – First tenders could be organised at the end of 2025. Finnish Government. Available at: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/1410877/act-on-offshore-wind-power-in-the-exclusive-economic-zone-enters-into-force-first-tenders-could-be-organised-at-the-end-of-2025 [Accessed 7 October 2025]
Galimova, T., Satymov, R., Keiner, D., & Breyer, C. (2023). Sustainable energy transition of Greenland and its prospects as a potential Arctic e-fuel and e-chemical export hub for Europe and East Asia. Energy, 286, 129605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.129605 
Gee, K., & Mikkelsen, E. (2023). Understanding different types of conflicts and coexistence in marine spatial planning (MSP). ICES Cooperative Research Reports, No. 357, 55 pp. Available at:  https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.24598734  
Giacometti, A., Kull, M., Moodie, J., Morf, A., Kaae, B., Schiele, K., von Thenen, M., Reiter, I., Schröder, L., Hansen, H., Dahl, K., Luhtala, H., Erkkilä-Välimäki, A., Armoskaite, A., & Strake, S. (2018). Thematic Scoping/Vision Document: report outlining the main conflict and potential synergy areas in cross-border MSP. Deliverable 2.2. Bonus BASMATI. Available at:  www.bonusbasmati.eu 
Government Offices of Sweden (n.d). Offshore Wind Power. Available at: https://www.regeringen.se/regeringens-politik/miljo-och-klimat/havsbaserad-vindkraft/ [Accessed: 22 October 2025]
Government of Iceland (n.d). Um skipulag haf- og strandsvæða. Available at: https://island.is/v/hafskipulag/um-skipulag-haf-og-strandsvaeda [Accessed: 20 October 2025]
Government of the Faroe Islands (n.d.). Energy. Faroe Islands. Available at: https://www.faroeislands.fo/economy-business/energy/  [Accessed 20 October 2025]
Government of Åland (2023, April 7). Projekt sunnanvind. Ålands Landskapsregering. Available at: https://www.regeringen.ax/infrastruktur-kommunikationer/projekt-sunnanvind [Accessed 20 October 2025]
Government of Åland (n.d.). Åland’s maritime spatial plan. Available at: https://www.sunnanvind.ax/en/about-project/alands-maritime-spatial-plan [Accessed 4 November 2025].
Guerreiro, J. (2021). The Blue Growth Challenge to Maritime Governance. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.681546  
ICES (2025). Application of a quantitative framework to estimate trawling impacts on seafloor status under MSFD Descriptor 6. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 82(3), pp. 865–879. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/82/3/865/8220017 
Jentoft, S., & Knol, M. (2014). Marine spatial planning: risk or opportunity for fisheries in the North Sea? Maritime Studies, 12(1), 13. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.1186/2212-9790-12-13  
Karlberg, M. (n.d.). Nature, climate and the environment in the Nordic Region. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Available at:  https://www.norden.org/en/information/nature-climate-and-environment-nordic-region [Accessed: 22 October 2025]
Kirkfeldt, T. S., & Andersen, J. H. (2021). Assessment of collective pressure in marine spatial planning: The current approach of EU Member States. Ocean & Coastal Management, 203, 105448. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105448  
Koehler, B., & Bergström, L. (2023). Havsbaserad vindkraft i samexistens med fiske, vattenbruk och naturvård? En inledande kunskapssammanställning.  Aqua reports, 4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.54612/a.4or8sfk59u   
Kyriazi, Z. (2018). From identification of compatibilities and conflicts to reaching marine spatial allocation agreements. Review of actions required and relevant tools and processes. Ocean & Coastal Management, 166, 103–112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.03.018  
Metsähallitus (n.d.-a). Our Offshore Projects. Available at: https://www.metsa.fi/en/responsible-business/wind-power/great-potential-in-offshore-wind-power/next-offshore-projects/ [Accessed: 22 October 2025]
Metsähallitus (n.d.-b). Commercial fishing. Eräluvat. Available at: https://www.eraluvat.fi/en/entrepreneurs/commercial-fishing [Accessed by 20 October 2025]
Ministry of Climate and Environment of Norway (2020). Meld. St. 20 (2019–2020): Norway’s Integrated Ocean Management Plans — Barents Sea–Lofoten Area; the Norwegian Sea; and the North Sea and Skagerrak. Report to the Storting. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/documents/meld.-st.-20-20192020/id2699370/?ch=2 [Accessed: 22 October 2025]
Ministry of Energy of Norway (n.d.). Offshore wind. Government.no. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/energy/renewable-energy/havvind/id2830329/ [Accessed 7 October 2025]
Ministry of the Environment of Finland (n.d.). Maritime spatial planning. Available at: https://ym.fi/en/maritimespatialplanning [Accessed 4 November 2025].
Nordic Co-operation (2023, June 21). Sustainable food systems key to green transition in Nordics. The Nordic Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers. Available at: https://www.norden.org/en/news/sustainable-food-systems-key-green-transition-nordics 
Nordic Co-operation (2025). The Nordic Council of Ministers’ political priorities 2025–2030. Available at: https://www.norden.org/en/nordic-council-ministers-political-priorities-2025-2030  
Nordic Council of Ministers’ Office in Latvia (2024). Secretary General Karen Ellemann attends the HELCOM event in Riga. Available at: https://norden.lv/en/whats-new/news/secretary-general-karen-ellemann-attends-the-helcom-event-in-riga/  
Nordic Energy Research (2022). Accommodating Biodiversity in Nordic Offshore Wind Projects. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.6027/NER2022-01  
Nordregio (2025a).  Green energy meets blue food - Moving towards sustainable coexistence? Six cases exploring trade-offs in the use of marine space. Available at: https://nordregio.org/publications/green-energy-meets-blue-food-moving-towards-sustainable-coexistence/
Nordregio (2025b). Towards Sustainable Coexistence – Offshore Wind and Fisheries in the Nordic Seas. Policy Brief. Available at: https://nordregio.org/publications/how-can-offshore-wind-energy-and-fisheries-sustainably-coexist-in-nordic-seas/
Norwegian Fisheries Directorate (n.d.-a). Norwegian Aquaculture: Leading the way in sustainable fish farming. English. Available at: https://www.fiskeridir.no/english/aquaculture/norwegian-aquaculture-leading-the-way-in-sustainable-fish-farming [Accessed 20 October 2025]
Norwegian Fisheries Directorate (n.d.-b). Ecosystem-based fisheries management in Norway. English. Available at: https://www.fiskeridir.no/english/Fisheries/ecosystem-based-fisheries-management-in-norway [Accessed 20 October 2025]
National Energy Agency of Iceland (2023a). Geothermal Energy. Icelandic National Energy Agency. Available at: https://orkustofnun.is/en/natural_resources/geothermal_energy [Accessed 7 October 2025]
National Energy Agency of Iceland (2023b). Vatn. Icelandic National Energy Agency. Available at: https://orkustofnun.is/en/natural_resources/water [Accessed 7 October 2025]
Norwegian Office of the Prime Minister (2022, August 15). Joint Statement by the Nordic Prime Ministers on a Sustainable Ocean Economy and the Green Transition. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/a8b4842ec38f40b28c0ca1196178c310/joint-statement-on-a-sustainable-ocean-economy-and-the-green-transition.pdf  
Norwegian Offshore Directorate (n.d.). Regulations for Offshore Wind. Available at: https://www.sodir.no/en/facts/offshore-wind/regulations/ [Accessed 24 October 2025].
OSPAR Commission. (2023). Quality status report 2023. London: OSPAR Commission. Available at: https://oap.ospar.org/en/ospar-assessments/quality-status-reports/qsr-2023/ [Accessed by 20 August 2025]
Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763  
Ottersen, G., Blenckner, T., Hátún, H., Maar, M., Niiranen, S., Schourup-Kristensen, V., & Yletyinen, J. (2025). Nordic marine ecosystems in a changing climate. TemaNord, 2025:541. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerråd. Available at: https://pub.norden.org/temanord2025-541/temanord2025-541.pdf 
Quero García, P., García Sanabria, J., & Chica Ruiz, J. A. (2019). The role of maritime spatial planning on the advance of blue energy in the European Union. Marine Policy, 99, 123–131. Available at:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.015  
Schupp, M. F., Bocci, M., Depellegrin, D., Kafas, A., Kyriazi, Z., Lukic, I., Schultz-Zehden, A., Krause, G., Onyango, V., & Buck, B. H. (2019). Toward a common understanding of ocean multi-use. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(APR). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00165  
Sepponen, S., Hjelt, M., Kuusela-Opas, E., Suominen, F., Värre, U., & Gaia Consulting Ltd. (2021). Sustainable Ocean Economy: Mapping of Nordic Strongholds. Available at: https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1611425/FULLTEXT01  
Soma, K., van den Burg, S. W. K., Selnes, T., & van der Heide, C. M. (2019). Assessing social innovation across offshore sectors in the Dutch North Sea. Ocean & Coastal Management, 167, 42–51. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.10.003  
Spijkerboer, R. C., Zuidema, C., Busscher, T., & Arts, J. (2020). The performance of marine spatial planning in coordinating offshore wind energy with other sea-uses: The case of the Dutch North Sea. Marine Policy, 115, 103860. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103860   
Stelzenmüller, V., Gimpel, A., Letschert, J., Kraan, C., & Däring, R. (2020). Research for PECH Committee – Impact of the use of offshore wind and other marine renewables on European fisheries. Brussels: European Parliament. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/652212/IPOL_STU(2020)652212(SUM01)_EN.pdf  
Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (2023a). Coexistence of offshore wind power with commercial fishing, aquaculture and nature conservation: a synthesis of knowledge about preconditions and measures. Stockholm: Havs och vattenmyndigheten. Available at:  https://havochvatten.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1832612/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management (2023b). Marine Spatial Plans for the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea and the Skagerrak/Kattegat. Available at: https://www.havochvatten.se/en/our-organization/publications/swam-publications/2023-05-31-marine-spatial--plans.html [Accessed: 22 October 2025]
Swedish Energy Agency (2025, February 13). Energiutvinning i havsplanerna. Available at: https://www.energimyndigheten.se/energisystem-och-analys/elproduktion/vindkraft/energiutvinning-i-havsplanerna/ [Accessed 20 October 2025]
Tafon, R., Glavovic, B., Saunders, F., & Gilek, M. (2022). Oceans of Conflict: Pathways to an Ocean Sustainability PACT. Planning Practice & Research, 37(2), 213–230. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2021.1918880  
Van den Burg, S. W. K., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Jenness, J., & Torrie, M. (2019). Assessment of the geographical potential for co-use of marine space, based on operational boundaries for Blue Growth sectors. Marine Policy, 100, 43–57. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.10.050  
Van Hoey, G., Bastardie, F., Birchenough, S., De Backer, A., Gill, A., de Koning, S., Hodgson, S., Mangi Chai, S., Steenbergen, J., Termeer, E., Van den Burg, S., & Hintzen, N. (2021). Overview of the effects of offshore wind farms on fisheries and aquaculture. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2826/63640 
Viðarsson, J. R., Einarsson, M. I., Ragnarsson, S. Ö., & Laksá, U., Danielsen, R., Iversen, A, Henriksen, E., Berthelsen, H. M., Bown, T., Decker, D., Lund, H. S., Larson, B., & Ottosson, C.-A. (2018). Nordic coastal fisheries and communities: Status and future prospects. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers. Available at: https://doi.org/10.6027/TN2018-507  
Virtanen, E. A., Lappalainen, J., Nurmi, M., Viitasalo, M., Tikanmäki, M., Heinonen, J., Atlaskin, E., Kallasvuo, M., Tikkanen, H., & Moilanen, A. (2022). Balancing profitability of energy production, societal impacts and biodiversity in offshore wind farm design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112087. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112087  
Wind Europe (2025). Wind Energy in Europe: 2024 Statistics and the outlook for 2025-2030. In www.windeurope.org. Available at:  https://proceedings.windeurope.org/WindEurope-European-Stats-2024.pdf [Accessed 28 September 2025]
World Economic Forum (2025). Nature positive: Role of the offshore wind sector. Nature Positive Transitions: Sectors report series. Available at: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Nature_Positive_Role_of_the_Offshore_Wind_Sector.pdf