Summary
In recent decades, Nordic cities have witnessed a general trend towards increased urban segregation, which has led to a wide range of policy and planning interventions addressing these issues across the Nordic countries. Against this background this report examines how Nordic governments and cities address challenges of urban segregation through various policies, strategies, and plans that seek to foster greater social inclusion. The report also explores how the state and municipalities interact, as well as how public sector organisations and other actors work together to tackle segregation and foster social inclusion.
The study focuses on four main themes. The first theme concerns what the Nordic policy landscape looks like in terms of policies aimed at counteracting segregation and promoting social inclusion in cities, while the second relates to the role of indicators and data. The third theme explores the public participation and citizen involvement policies, strategies and planning approaches used in Nordic cities to strengthen inclusion in both newly built and existing neighbourhoods. The fourth theme concerns the role of architecture and design, and more specifically the built environment interventions employed by cities in response to the challenges of urban segregation and social inclusion. The study relies on a multi-case study approach, investigating 13 city cases across the five Nordic countries.
The study shows that counteracting segregation and creating more socially inclusive cities is both a complex and challenging task. Key preconditions for inclusive and effective implementation include close collaboration between relevant actors at different levels of policy and planning as well as citizen/stakeholder engagement throughout planning and development processes. The case studies highlight that there is no universal blueprint for creating more inclusive cities and neighbourhoods, and that different approaches have their advantages and limitations. For example, interventions in the physical living environment can have several positive effects on improving local living conditions and neighbourhood vitality, particularly if residents and actors are engaged in co-planning their local living environments. However, when it comes to addressing the more complex issue of urban segregation, which relates to broader structural causes such as greater social inequalities, the effects of physical interventions appear rather limited, and would also require interventions in other fields of policy. The study also highlights that indicators are important for monitoring segregation and guiding policy and planning interventions, but must be used carefully to avoid stigmatising disadvantaged areas. Overall, a holistic, multi-sectoral approach is essential for effectively tackling urban segregation, and this requires long-term planning and continuous efforts that range beyond the limited time frame of individual projects.